WEST BENGAL
West Bengal is a state in western India on the Bay of Bengal. It is the fourth most populous state in India and the thirteenth most significant state in terms of area. Its area is 88,752 km. This country is part of the Bengal region in the Indian subcontinent, which borders Bangladesh to the east, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north, and the Indian states of Orissa and Jharkhand. , Bihar, Sikkim, Assam.
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LOCATION OF WEST BENGAL IN INDIA.
Area
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Kolkata is the capital of the state, the third largest metropolis in India, and the seventh largest city in India. West Bengal includes Himalayan Darjeeling, the Ganges Delta, the Raa region, coastal Sundarbans, and the Bay of Bengal. The dominant ethnic group of this state is Bengalis, and Bengali Hindus form the majority of the population. The region's early history was marked by a series of Indian empires, civil wars, and struggles between Hindus and Buddhists for control. Ancient Bengal had several major janapadas, but the oldest cities date back to Vedic times. The region was part of several ancient pan-Indian empires, including the Vangas, the Mauryas, and the Guptas. Gauda Citadel served as the capital of the Gauda Kingdom, Pala Empire, and Sena Empire. Islam was introduced through trade with the Abbasid Caliphate, but following the conquest of the Ghul dynasty led by Bakhtiar Khalji and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, Islam spread throughout the Bengal region. During the reign of Bengal, the territory was a major trading power in the world and was often referred to by Europeans as "the richest country to trade with". In 1576 it was absorbed by the Mughal Empire. rice farm. At the same time, parts of the region were ruled by several Hindu states and Barobian zamindars, some of which were temporarily invaded by the Sri Empire. A Prototype of Industrialization After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, Mughal Bengal became a semi-independent state under the Nawab of Bengal, showing the first signs of the Industrial Revolution. The area was later conquered by the British East India Company at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and became part of the Bengal Presidency. This region has been the center of India's independence movement and one of the great artistic and intellectual centers of India. In the wake of widespread religious violence, the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted in 1947 to divide Bengal into two separate territories along religious lines. Pakistan, which later became independent Bangladesh. After India's independence, West Bengal's economy is based on agricultural production and small businesses. For decades, the state experienced political violence and economic stagnation. 2020- In 2021, the economy of West Bengal was the sixth largest state in India. Economy with a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of US$ 20, the 20th highest in the country. West Bengal also has the 28th highest human development index among the Indian states and the value of this index is lower than that of India [5]. State government debt of 4.8 billion rupees (US$60 billion), or 35.54 percent of GSDP, is India's fifth highest but has declined from 40.65 percent in 2010-2011. This country is the seventh most visited tourist destination in India.
Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region. The city was ruled by feudal dynasties under the Sultanate of Bengal and the Sultanate of Delhi for the next few hundred years. The Bengali monarchy was interrupted for 20 years by a Hindu uprising led by Raja Ganesha. In the 16th century, Islam Khan Sardar Mughal conquered Bengal. The administration of a governor appointed by the Mughal court gave way to semi-independence under the Nawab of Murshidabad, who nominally respected Mughal sovereignty over Delhi. After the death of Emperor Aurangzeb and Bengal governor Shaista Khan, Mughal Bengal, the archetype of industrialization, became a semi-independent state under the Nawab of Bengal, which showed signs of the world's first industrial revolution. The Koch dynasty of North Bengal flourished. 16th and 17th centuries. It outlasted the Mughal Empire and lasted until the rise of British colonial rule.
At the end of the 15th century, several European traders arrived in this area. The British East India Company defeated Siraj Udola, the last independent Nawab, at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. By signing a treaty with the East Indies in 1765, the company acquired the right to collect revenue in the Bengal Suwar (province). After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, this company and the Mughal Emperor. The Presidency of Bengal was established in 1765. It then included all British-controlled areas in the North Central Province (present-day Madhya Pradesh), from the mouth of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and Punjab. In the Bengal Famine of 1770, the taxation policies adopted by British companies cost millions of lives. Calcutta, the headquarters of the East India Company, was designated the capital of the British-controlled Indian Territory in 1773. The failed Indian Rebellion began in 1857. Near Calcutta, power was transferred to the British royal family controlled by the Governor General of India.
TRANSPORT
As of 2011, the total length of surface roads in West Bengal was over 92,023 km (57,180 mi) "18" national highways 2,578 km (1,602 mi) and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi). In 2011, the total length of railway lines was approximately 4,481 km (2,784 mi). It formed the 17th zone of the Indian Railways. The North East Frontier Railway (NFR) serves the northern part of the state. Calcutta Metro is the first metro in this country. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of the NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport in Dumdum, Kolkata is the largest airport in the state.
Bagdogra Airport, near Siliguri, is a customs airport that offers international flights to Bhutan and Thailand in addition to regular domestic services. India's first private airport, Kazi Nazr Islami Airport serves the twin cities of Asansol Durgapur in Andar, Passim Vardaman. Calcutta is a major river port in eastern India. The Calcutta Port Trust manages the berths at Calcutta and Haldia. There are passenger services to Port Blair in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Shipping services to Indian and foreign ports are provided by Indian shipping companies. Ships are the main mode of transportation in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans region. Kolkata is the only city in India that has trams as a means of transport. These are operated by the Calcutta Tramway Company. Several government agencies operate bus services in the state, including Kolkata State Transport Authority, North Bengal State Transport Authority, South Bengal State Transport Authority, West Bengal Land Transport Authority, and Kolkata Tramway Limited. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalized service without private investment. For-hire modes of transportation include metered taxis and auto-rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. Cycle rickshaws are used in most parts of the state, while hand rickshaws and electric rickshaws are used for short journeys in Kolkata.
Tongue
Languages of West Bengal.
Bengali (86.22%)
Indian (5.00%)
Santali (2.66%)
Urdu (1.82%)
Nepali (1.27%)
Others (3.02%)
The official languages of the state are Bengali and English The three sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district have added Nepali as an official language. In 2019, the government passed another bill to include Kamtapuri, Kuromari, and Rajbansi as additional official languages in blocks, wards, or regions where speakers exceed 10% of the population. Minister Mamata Banerjee announced Telugu as a different official language.
Religion
WEST Bengal is religiously diverse, with regional cultural and religious specificities. Although Hindus are the predominant community, the state has a large minority Muslim population. Christians, Buddhists, and others make up a tiny fraction of the population. As of 2011, the most common religion is Hinduism, with adherents representing 70.54% of the total population. Muslims, the second largest community, constitute 27.01% of the total population, Three districts of West Bengal: Murshidabad, Malda, and Uttar Dinajpur, are Muslim majorities. Sikhism, Christianity, Buddhism, and other religions make up the rest. Buddhism remains a prominent religion in the Himalayan region of the Darjeeling hills; almost the entire Buddhist population of West Bengal is from this area. Christianity is mainly found among the tea garden tribes in the tea plantations scattered in the Dooars of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Alipurduar districts. The Hindu population of West Bengal is 64,385,546, while the Muslim population is 24,654,825, according to the 2011 census.
Bengali has a rich literary heritage that it shares with neighboring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, exemplified by the Charyapada, a collection of mystical Buddhist hymns dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries. Mangalkavya is a collection of Hindu narrative poems composed around the 13th century. Vaishnava pastoral poetry drama composed by Shri Krishna Kirtana, Bull Chandidas. A collection of Bengali folk tales and legends compiled by Takuma Juri, and Dakshinranjan Mitra Majumdar. The story of Gopal Baal, a medieval Bengali court jester. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernized by the works of writers such as Bunkim Chandra Chattopadhyay. His works represented a deviation from the traditional poetic writings common at that time. dramas that introduced the use of blank verse, and Rabindranath Tagore, who transformed Bengali literature and music. In Indian art, contextual modernism was introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other notable figures include Kazi Nazrul Islam, the composer of the avant-garde Nazrul Sangeet genre, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, acclaimed for his work on modern social practices in Bengali, including Manik Bandyopadhyay, Cited. of the leading lights of contemporary Bengali fiction. In contemporary times, Jibananda Das is known as "the greatest poet of the post-Tagore era in India".Other writers include Manik Bandopadhyay, a pioneering novelist. and Ashapurna Devi, Sirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Buddhadev Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chatpadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Buddhadev Basu, Joy Goswami. and Sunil Gangopadhyay 6.
Cuisine
Clothing
In 2005, 505 newspapers were published in West Bengal of which 389 were in Bengali . Ananda Bazar Patrika, published in Calcutta, has the largest circulation among single-copy regional newspapers in India with a daily circulation of 1,277,801.Other important Bengali newspapers include: Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English-language newspapers include The Telegraph, Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Statesman, Indian Express, and Age of Asia. Famous financial newspapers like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely distributed. There are also local newspapers such as Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu and Punjab.
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